Environmental pollution in North-Eastern Italy and its influence on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: time series modelling and analysis using visibility graphs.

The impact on human health from environmental pollution is receiving increasing attention. In the case of respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the relationship is now well documented. However, few studies have been carried out in areas with low population density and low industrial production, such as the province of Belluno (North-Eastern Italy). The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of exposure to certain pollutants on the temporal dynamics of hospital admissions for COPD in the province of Belluno. Daily air pollution concentration, humidity, precipitations, and temperature were collected from the air monitoring stations in Belluno. Generalized additive mixed models (GAMM) and visibility graphs were used to determine the effects of the short-term exposure to environmental agents on hospital admissions associated to COPD. In the case of the city of Belluno, the GAMM showed that hospital admissions were associated with NO2, PM10, date, and temperature, while for the city of Feltre, GAMM produced no associated variables. Several visibility graph indices (average edge overlap and interlayer mutual information) showed a significant overlap between environmental agents and hospital admission for both cities. Our study has shown that visibility graphs can be useful in establishing associations between environmental agents and COPD hospitalization in sparsely populated areas.

Validación en España de la escala National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS-2) para la detección precoz en urgencias de pacientes en riesgo de deterioro / Early detection of risk for clinical deterioration in emergency department patients: validation of a version of the National Early Warning Score 2 for use in Spain

Objetivo: Conocer la capacidad predictiva en términos de ingresos hospitalarios y de aparición de eventos adversos de la escala de alerta temprana National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS-2) en la consulta de triaje de los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios (SUH).Método: Estudio observacional prospectivo dividido en dos fases: Fase I (octubre-noviembre 2019) y Fase II (enero-febrero 2020). En la Fase I se llevó a cabo un proceso de traducción-retrotraducción, se formó al personal de Enfermería en el manejo de la escala NEWS-2 adaptada al español, y se realizó un pilotaje de la escala. En la Fase II se procedió a la validación de la escala analizando sus propiedades psicométricas y predictivas en términos de aparición de eventos adversos e ingresos hospitalarios. Se incluyeron consecutivamente a los usuarios adultos (mayores de 18 años) de un SUH en España.Resultados: Se valoraron 523 pacientes, 81 en la fase I y 442 en la fase II. La versión de la escala NEWS-2 en español obtenida tras el proceso de validación mostró un valor de alfa Cronbach de 0,70. El coeficiente de correlación intraclase para la fiabilidad intra e interobservador fue de 0,996 (IC 95%: 0,995-0,997) y 1 (IC 95%: 0,999-1), respectivamente. El área bajo la curva de la característica operativa del receptor fue de 0,969 (IC 95%: 0,938-1) para eventos adversos y de 0,881 (IC 95%: 0,819-0,943) para ingreso hospitalario.Conclusiones. La escala NEWS-2 tiene alta capacidad predictiva de ingresos hospitalarios y eventos adversos cuando se aplica en la consulta de triaje de los SUH. (AU)

Objective: To determine the ability of a Spanish translation of the National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) to predict hospitalizations and adverse events during triage in hospital emergency departments. Methods: Prospective observational study in 2 phases. Phase 1 took place in October and November 2019 and phase 2 in January and February 2020. Phase 1 involved the translation and back translation process to produce an adapted Spanish version of the NEWS2 tool, the piloting of the adapted tool, and training sessions for nurses on how to use the scale. Phase 2 was a validation study of the translated scale for use in Spain. We analyzed its psychometric properties and capacity to predict adverse events and hospital admissions. Adult patients (over the age of 18 years) were recruited consecutively in a hospital emergency department in Spain.Results: We evaluated 523 patients, 81 in phase 1 and 442 in phase 2. The validated Spanish language version of the NEWS2 tool achieved a Cronbach α score of 0.70. The intraclass correlation coefficients for intra- and inter-observer reliability, respectively, were 0.996 (95% CI, 0.995–0.997) and approaching 1 (95% CI, 0.999-1). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.969 (95% CI, 0.938-1) for adverse events and 0.881 (95% CI, 0.819-0.943) for hospitalization. Conclusion: The ability of the Spanish version of the NEWS2 scale to predict hospital admissions and adverse events is high when used during hospital emergency department triage. (AU)

Nurse-Led Interventions in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide, causing 3.32 million deaths in 2019. COPD management has increasingly become a major component of general and hospital practice and has led to a different model of care. Nurse-led interventions have shown beneficial effects on COPD patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes. This systematic review was conducted to identify and assess nurse-led interventions in COPD patients in terms of mental, physical, and clinical status. The review was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. The relevance of each manuscript was assessed according to the inclusion criteria, and we retrieved full texts, as required, to reach our conclusions. Data extraction was performed independently by two reviewers, and the risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Forty-eight articles were included in the analysis, which focused on the management of COPD patients by hospital, respiratory and primary nursing care. Nursing management was shown to be highly effective in improving quality of life, emotional state, and pulmonary and physical capacity in COPD patients. In comparison, hospital and respiratory nurses carried out interventions with higher levels of effectiveness than community nurses.

Individual Circadian Preference, Eating Disorders and Obesity in Children and Adolescents: A Dangerous Liaison? A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Obesity and other eating disorders are an actual public health problem, especially in childhood and adolescents, and could be also related with chronotype. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the relationship between eating disorders, obesity and the different chronotypes in children and adolescents. METHODS: A systematic review of observational studies evaluating young populations dealing with and evaluating chronotype was conducted. Electronic searches were performed in six international databases. A qualitative thematic-categorical analysis was carried out and a random-effects model was used for the quantitative analysis (meta-analysis). RESULTS: Fifteen studies were included, but quantitative analysis was only carried out in three of them. Children and adolescents with an evening chronotype had higher body mass index, consumed more junk food or were more predisposed to suffer from food addiction and night eating syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Children and adolescents with evening chronotype had higher tendency to incorrect eating behaviors and were suffering from overweight/obesity. Environment but also lifestyle factors should be considered in the association between chronotype and eating disorders and obesity.

Impact of sound levels on physiological and consciousness state of cardiovascular patients.

BACKGROUND: Patients treated in intensive care units (ICUs) experience life-threatening medical conditions but some external factors in ICUs do not help or even adversely affect and complicate their evolution. Among others, such factors include noise pollution due to alarms and medical clinical equipment, as well as the activities of the health care personnel themselves. AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the influence of elevated sound levels on physiological variables and the consciousness state of patients treated in a cardiovascular area in an ICU. DESIGN: A longitudinal study with several observations was carried out during 1 month in the cardiovascular area of an ICU of a third-level hospital in southern Spain. METHODS: Sound levels were monitored in different work shifts and patients' physiological data and consciousness status were recorded. Generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) were developed to detect the variability of the sound levels together with the vital parameters of the patients in the ICU. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients were included. The mean sound level was 54.09 dBA. The GAMM sound levels analysis showed a significant increase in sound levels from 4:30 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. (1.83 dBA; P < .001) and 8:00 p.m. to 11:30 p.m. (3.06 dBA; P < .001). An increase in heart rate (3.66 bpm; P < .001), respiratory rate (2.62 rpm; P < .001) and the Glasgow Coma Scale (0.50 units; P = .002) was detected during the 4:30 p.m.-8:30 p.m. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated sound levels in cardiovascular ICUs seem to influence positively the physiological and consciousness status of patients. Given the importance of the findings for patient safety, future intervention studies are recommended. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The finding of this study could translate into structural changes in ICU facilities, as well as the development of clinical practice guidelines that influence the behaviour of health care professionals.

Early detection of risk for clinical deterioration in emergency department patients: validation of a version of the National Early Warning Score 2 for use in Spain. / Validación en España de la escala National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS-2) para la detección precoz en urgencias de pacientes en riesgo de deterioro.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the ability of a Spanish translation of the National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) to predict hospitalizations and adverse events during triage in hospital emergency departments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective observational study in 2 phases. Phase 1 took place in October and November 2019 and phase 2 in January and February 2020. Phase 1 involved the translation and back translation process to produce an adapted Spanish version of the NEWS2 tool, the piloting of the adapted tool, and training sessions for nurses on how to use the scale. Phase 2 was a validation study of the translated scale for use in Spain. We analyzed its psychometric properties and capacity to predict adverse events and hospital admissions. Adult patients (over the age of 18 years) were recruited consecutively in a hospital emergency department in Spain. RESULTS: We evaluated 523 patients, 81 in phase 1 and 442 in phase 2. The validated Spanish language version of the NEWS2 tool achieved a Cronbach α score of 0.70. The intraclass correlation coefficients for intra- and inter-observer reliability, respectively, were 0.996 (95% CI, 0.995-0.997) and approaching 1 (95% CI, 0.999-1). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.969 (95% CI, 0.938-1) for adverse events and 0.881 (95% CI, 0.819-0.943) for hospitalization. CONCLUSION: The ability of the Spanish version of the NEWS2 scale to predict hospital admissions and adverse events is high when used during hospital emergency department triage.

OBJETIVO: Conocer la capacidad predictiva en términos de ingresos hospitalarios y de aparición de eventos adversos de la escala de alerta temprana National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS-2) en la consulta de triaje de los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios (SUH). METODO: Estudio observacional prospectivo dividido en dos fases: Fase I (octubre-noviembre 2019) y Fase II (enero-febrero 2020). En la Fase I se llevó a cabo un proceso de traducción-retrotraducción, se formó al personal de Enfermería en el manejo de la escala NEWS-2 adaptada al español, y se realizó un pilotaje de la escala. En la Fase II se procedió a la validación de la escala analizando sus propiedades psicométricas y predictivas en términos de aparición de eventos adversos e ingresos hospitalarios. Se incluyeron consecutivamente a los usuarios adultos (mayores de 18 años) de un SUH en España. RESULTADOS: Se valoraron 523 pacientes, 81 en la fase I y 442 en la fase II. La versión de la escala NEWS-2 en español obtenida tras el proceso de validación mostró un valor de alfa Cronbach de 0,70. El coeficiente de correlación intraclase para la fiabilidad intra e interobservador fue de 0,996 (IC 95%: 0,995-0,997) y 1 (IC 95%: 0,999-1), respectivamente. El área bajo la curva de la característica operativa del receptor fue de 0,969 (IC 95%: 0,938-1) para eventos adversos y de 0,881 (IC 95%: 0,819-0,943) para ingreso hospitalario. CONCLUSIONES: La escala NEWS-2 tiene alta capacidad predictiva de ingresos hospitalarios y eventos adversos cuando se aplica en la consulta de triaje de los SUH.

Risky Behaviours of Spanish University Students: Association with Mediterranean Diet, Sexual Attitude and Chronotype.

The most common drugs that are consumed by young people are alcohol and tobacco, which are especially prevalent in universities. These risk behaviours can be determined by a series of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the consumption of alcohol and tobacco by Spanish university students and the relationship between the Mediterranean diet, sexual attitudes and opinions, and chronotype. A multicentre observational study enrolled 457 students from two public universities in Spain. The study period was from December 2017 to January 2018. The majority of the participants consumed alcohol (90.2%), tobacco consumption was low (27.2%), with a high percentage of students (78.6%) having a low dependence on nicotine. The surveyed students demonstrated a high adherence to the Mediterranean diet, which was shown to be associated with less risky alcohol consumption. The Mediterranean diet is a part of healthy lifestyle, and avoiding heavy drinking results in the intention to maintain such a lifestyle. In addition, unhealthy eating habits (skipping breakfast, eating sweets and pastries daily, and fast-food consumption) had a tendency to induce risky alcohol consumption. Therefore, to promote healthy lifestyle habits, it is considered important to establish programs that promote healthy diets in university settings and to evaluate them periodically.

Capacidad predictiva de las escalas de alerta temprana en los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios: revisión sistemática y metanálisis / Predictive power of early-warning scores used in hospital emergency departments: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objetivos: Evaluar, en términos de ingreso hospitalario o en unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) y muerte, la capacidad predictiva de las escalas de alerta temprana en los servicios de urgencias hospitalariOs (SUH). Método: Revisión sistemática y metanálisis. Se consultaron las bases de datos Medline, Embase, Web of Science y Cochrane Library. Se incluyeron estudios observacionales y ensayos clínicos publicados entre e 1 de enero de 1950 y 12 de junio de 2020 en los que se empleara una escala de alerta temprana en los SUH. Las variables de resultadosprincipales fueron mortalidad (24 horas, 48 horas y más de 72 horas) e ingreso hospitalario y en UCI. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 9 estudios en la revisión sistemática, 4 se incluyeron en el metanálisis (165.580 pacientes). Hubo heterogeneidad en las escalas empleadas, siendo la escala NEWS la más utilizada. El uso de la escala NEWS mostró una buena capacidad predictiva para la mortalidad a las 24 horas [AUROC 0,88 (IC 95% 0,87-0,89);p < 0,001; I2 = 0%], a las 48 horas [AUROC 0,86 (IC 95% 0,84-0,88); p < 0,001; I2 = 49,3%] e intrahospitalaria [AUROC: 0,77 (IC 95% 0,74-0,80); p < 0,001; I2 = 96,2%]. Para el ingreso hospitalario y en UCI, NEWS mostró una capacidad predictiva adecuada. Conclusiones: El uso de las escalas de alerta temprana en los SUH muestra una capacidad predictiva buena en términos de mortalidad temprana e intrahospitalaria. (AU)

Objectives: To assess the predictive power of scores used in hospital emergency departments (EDs) to give early warning of risk for mortality and hospital ward or intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Material and methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Observational studies and clinical trials published between January 1, 1950, and June 12, 2020 that used early-warning scores in hospital EDs were included. The main outcomes were mortality (at 24, 48, and more than 72 hours), hospital admission, and ICU admission. Results: Nine studies entered into the systematic review; 4 of them, with 165 580 patients, were included in the meta-analysis. The studies were heterogeneous with respect to the scores used. The one used most often was the National Early Warning Score (NEWS). The meta-analysis of studies using the NEWS scale showed that it had good predictive power for mortality: the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic was 0.88 (95%, CI, 0.87-0.89; P .001, I2 = 0%) at 24 hours and 0.86 (0.84-0.88; P .001; I2 = 49.3%) at 48 hours. The AUC for inhospital mortality was 0.77 (95% CI, 0.74-0.80; P .001; I2 = 96.2%). The NEWS score had adequate power for predicting risk of hospital ward and ICU admission. Conclusion: Early warning scores used in hospital EDs are able to predict risk of early and in-hospital mortality. (AU)

Transferencia de los resultados de investigación al aula: registros de incidencias de las caídas / Transferring research results to the classroom: Fall incidence records

Antecedentes: Los registros completos y correctos de los eventos de caídas ayudan a implementar las medidas de prevención. Sin embargo, existe un desconocimiento entre el personal de salud sobre la existencia de un sistema de registro o la necesidad de registrar dichos eventos. El propósito de este estudio fue que los estudiantes de Enfermería realizaran registros de calidad de los eventos de caída y, en consecuencia, desarrollar e implementar un sistema de registro de incidentes de caída de pacientes (REOC) para su uso durante las prácticas clínicas de los estudiantes de enfermería. Método: La investigación-acción participativa (análisis de incidentes críticos) se llevó a cabo en una Facultad de enfermería del sur de España y su hospital de referencia. Entre otras variables, se evaluó la implementación del REOC (intervención), la complejidad de los registros y los resultados de aprendizaje de los estudiantes. Resultados: El instrumento de registro tuvo un impacto significativo en los resultados sanitarios de los pacientes. El REOC fue de complejidad media (42,9%) y baja (42,9%), mientras que el 71,4% adquirió nuevas habilidades a través de la implementación. Los resultados de aprendizaje fueron de nivel medio en el 71,5% de los casos y positivos en el 28,6%. Implicaciones para la práctica: El proyecto propuesto es un ejemplo de una experiencia de innovación-investigación-innovación llevada a cabo en un entorno de enseñanza-aprendizaje utilizando un proceso cíclico de transferencia de conocimientos y retroalimentación. (AU)

Predictive power of early-warning scores used in hospital emergency departments: a systematic review and meta-analysis. / Capacidad predictiva de las escalas de alerta temprana en los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios: revisión sistemática y metanálisis.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the predictive power of scores used in hospital emergency departments (EDs) to give early warning of risk for mortality and hospital ward or intensive care unit (ICU) admission. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Observational studies and clinical trials published between January 1, 1950, and June 12, 2020 that used early-warning scores in hospital EDs were included. The main outcomes were mortality (at 24, 48, and more than 72 hours), hospital admission, and ICU admission. RESULTS: Nine studies entered into the systematic review; 4 of them, with 165 580 patients, were included in the meta-analysis. The studies were heterogeneous with respect to the scores used. The one used most often was the National Early Warning Score (NEWS). The meta-analysis of studies using the NEWS scale showed that it had good predictive power for mortality: the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic was 0.88 (95%, CI, 0.87-0.89; P .001, I2 = 0%) at 24 hours and 0.86 (0.84-0.88; P .001; I2 = 49.3%) at 48 hours. The AUC for inhospital mortality was 0.77 (95% CI, 0.74-0.80; P .001; I2 = 96.2%). The NEWS score had adequate power for predicting risk of hospital ward and ICU admission. CONCLUSION: Early warning scores used in hospital EDs are able to predict risk of early and in-hospital mortality.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar, en términos de ingreso hospitalario o en unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) y muerte, la capacidad predictiva de las escalas de alerta temprana en los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios (SUH). METODO: Revisión sistemática y metanálisis. Se consultaron las bases de datos Medline, Embase, Web of Science y Cochrane Library. Se incluyeron estudios observacionales y ensayos clínicos publicados entre e 1 de enero de 1950 y 12 de junio de 2020 en los que se empleara una escala de alerta temprana en los SUH. Las variables de resultados principales fueron mortalidad (24 horas, 48 horas y más de 72 horas) e ingreso hospitalario y en UCI. RESULTADOS: Se seleccionaron 9 estudios en la revisión sistemática, 4 se incluyeron en el metanálisis (165.580 pacientes). Hubo heterogeneidad en las escalas empleadas, siendo la escala NEWS la más utilizada. El uso de la escala NEWS mostró una buena capacidad predictiva para la mortalidad a las 24 horas [AUROC 0,88 (IC 95% 0,87-0,89); p 0,001; I2 = 0%], a las 48 horas [AUROC 0,86 (IC 95% 0,84-0,88); p 0,001; I2 = 49,3%] e intrahospitalaria [AUROC: 0,77 (IC 95% 0,74-0,80); p 0,001; I2 = 96,2%]. Para el ingreso hospitalario y en UCI, NEWS mostró una capacidad predictiva adecuada. CONCLUSIONES: El uso de las escalas de alerta temprana en los SUH muestra una capacidad predictiva buena en términos de mortalidad temprana e intrahospitalaria.

Ácido tranexámico en el traumatismo craneoencefálico: a propósito del ensayo CRASH-3 / Tranexamic acid for head injuries: on the CRASH-3 trial

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Characteristics of the Spanish Older People in the Use of Accidents and Emergency Unit Services (2014-2017).

The aim of this study was to determine which factors are related to Accidents and Emergency Unit (AEU) use by the elderly Spanish population. Observational analysis of the 2014 European Survey of Health in Spain (ESHS-2014; N = 6,520) and the 2017 Spanish Health Survey (SHS-2017; N = 7,024) was employed. About one third (4,095, 30.2%) of the sample used the AEU, and they were primarily women (32.6%). Comorbidity (p = .01), presence of physical limitation in the prior 6 months to the survey, and a history of several diseases (p < .001)-as in diabetes (p < .001), osteoarthritis (p < .001), and chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p < .001)-were associated with AEU visits in both surveys. Female sex and several cardiovascular diseases were only significant in the ESHS-2014. In the SHS-2017, depressive status was an independent risk factor. This epidemiological data allow a better understanding of the use of AEU, suggesting indications for the care process.

Evolution in the use of health services by older people in Spain (2009-2017).

As people age, they tend to increase their use of health services. For this, the aims of this study were to analyse the frequency and variability in the use of different health services by people over 65 years, their evolution from 2009 to 2017 and the factors associated it. We carried out a cross-sectional study with 25,465 people over 65 years who participated in the National Health Survey in Spain in 2011/2012 and 2017 and the European Health Survey in Spain in 2009 and 2014. A descriptive analysis was performed using the attendance records of family/general physicians, nurse consultations, or both over the last 12 months as well as these data over the following years of study. Our findings show that approximately 93.2% of the participants had consulted with a family/general physician over the last year, and women were almost twice as likely to do so compared with men (61.2% vs. 38.8%). The use of health services gradually increased from 2009 to 2017, being the visits to nursing that more increased their frequency. Being a woman and a widower as well as having no higher education, a low social class, a serious or long-term illness, obesity and bed restraint were associated with a greater use of health services. Findings suggested that the increased health services due to ageing and comorbidities associated with it present new challenges. It is necessary to determine realistic plans that can meet future healthcare demands and not lead to a collapse of the health system. For this it is very important the primary prevention of chronic diseases, functional limitations, obesity and disability.

Severe trauma patients and nursing practice-associated infections.

AIMS: Our study examined factors influencing the development of healthcare-associated infections in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary hospital in southern Spain. BACKGROUND: Healthcare-associated infections are a frequent adverse event, significantly lengthening patient stays in the ICU. Nursing practice is a key factor in the infection control process. DESIGN: A retrospective longitudinal study with two observation periods (admission and discharge) was performed in an ICU of a tertiary hospital. METHODS: We analysed patient records for those admitted to this unit coded as CIE 800-959.9 from 2012 to 2016. Using binomial logistic regression analysis, we analysed factors associated with healthcare-associated infections. RESULTS: We analysed 375 records (men: 78.1%; average age: 46.63 years). Of these, 9.2% patients acquired a healthcare-associated infection during their stay. Nursing practice-related factors significantly associated with the development of infection were the number of days connected to mechanical ventilation and the number of days in the ICU. CONCLUSION: Healthcare-associated infections in patients with severe trauma admitted to the ICU are mainly associated with the management of invasive techniques. A multidisciplinary approach should focus on the review of action and care plans.

Mujeres con elevado nivel de estudios, víctimas del cuidado de personas con Alzheimer / Women with high level of education, victims of the care of people with Alzheimer's

OBJETIVO: Conocer la relación existente entre la tarea de cuidar a pacientes con Enfermedad de Alzheimer, el Género de los cuidadores y su nivel de formación académica. MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo, como sujetos de estudio 69 personas diagnosticadas de Enfermedad de Alzheimer y sus respectivos cuidadores familiares. En los cuidadores se analizó: la edad, el género, el nivel de estudios, carga, depresión, nivel de ansiedad, calidad de vida y soledad social. En los pacientes se valoró la edad, género, nivel de dependencia y estado neuropsicológico. La recogida de datos se realizó en 2016. Entre otros análisis se realizó análisis de regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo que los cuidadores con estudios superiores sufrían mayor carga, siendo mujeres en su mayoría. Mujeres con más probabilidad de presentar soledad social, altos niveles de ansiedad y peor calidad de vida que los hombres. La carga puede ser debida al gran número de responsabilidades y a la imposibilidad de combinarlas con el papel de cuidador. Se puede concluir que las mujeres llegan a ser víctimas del cuidado de personas con Enfermedad de Alzheimer

The aim of this job is to know the existing relationship between the task of caring patients with Alzheimer's disease, caregivers' gender and their level of academic studies. Descriptive study, 69 persons diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and their respective familiar caregivers as subjects of the study. Age, gender, academic level, burden, depression, anxiety level, quality of life and social loneliness have been measured in caregivers. Age, gender, dependency level and neuropsychological state have been measured in patients. Data collection was done in 2016. Logistic regression analysis was performed. Caregivers with high levels of academic studies suffer more burden, being women in their majority. They are more likely to present social loneliness and higher levels of anxiety and a worse quality of life than men. The burden may be due to a greater number of responsibilities to respond to, and to the inability to combine it with the role of caregiver. We can conclude that women become victims of caring Alzheimer' patients

Vía intraósea en adultos en situación de parada cardiaca: revisión sistemática y metanálisis / Intraosseous access in adults in cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objetivo. Evaluar la efectividad, en relación al retorno a circulación espontánea, la supervivencia al alta y la supervivencia al alta con buen estado neurológico, del acceso intraóseo frente al acceso venoso en la resucitación en parada cardiaca extrahospitalaria. Método. Se realiza una revisión sistemática y metanálisis en las bases de datos Medline (PubMed), Embase, Web of Science y Cochrane Library. Se incluyeron estudios observacionales y ensayos clínicos registrados en las bases de datos mencionadas desde el 1 de enero de 1950 hasta el 31 de mayo de 2019, en los que la población incluida fueran pacientes adultos en situación de parada cardiaca extrahospitalaria y que tuvieran canalizado un acceso intraóseo o intravenoso. La evaluación del riesgo de sesgo se realizó mediante la herramienta de evaluación de sesgo de Cochrane y la herramienta GRADE. Resultado. Se identificaron 434 referencias de las que 5 se incluyen en la síntesis cualitativa y cuantitativa. El acceso intraóseo se relaciona con una peor tasa de retorno a circulación espontánea [OR 0,69 (IC 95%: 0,57-0,83), p = 0,02, I2 = 65%] y una peor supervivencia al alta hospitalaria [OR 0,65 (IC 95%: 0,51-0,83); p < 0,01, I2 = 30%] en comparación con el acceso venoso. Conclusiones. El acceso intraóseo en pacientes en situación de parada cardiaca extrahospitalaria se relaciona con peores resultados en términos de retorno a circulación espontánea y supervivencia al alta hospitalaria

Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of intraosseous access versus venous access in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in terms of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and survival to hospital discharge with or without favorable neurologic status. Methods. Systematic review and meta-analysis of articles indexed in MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, the Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Other terms adapted to the language of each index were also used. We included observational studies and clinical trials published from January 1, 1950, to May 31, 2019, if the study population included adult patients in cardiac arrest outside the hospital and in whom an intraosseous or intravenous catheter was inserted. Risk of bias was evaluated with the Cochrane and GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) tools. Results. We identified 434 papers to include in the qualitative review and 5 studies for meta-analysis. Intraosseous access was related to a lower rate of ROSC (odds ratio [OR], 0.69; 95% CI, 0.57-0.83; P = .02; I2 = 65%) and worse survival to discharge (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.51-0.83); P<.01, I2 = 30%). Conclusion. Intraosseous access in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is related to poorer outcomes in terms of ROSC and survival at hospital discharge

Respuesta de los autores: Acerca del papel del ácido tranexámico en pacientes con traumatismo en urgencias y emergencias / Authors' reply: On the role of tranexamic acid in emergency department patients with trauma

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Intraosseous access in adults in cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. / Vía intraósea en adultos en situación de parada cardiaca: revisión sistemática y metanálisis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of intraosseous access versus venous access in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in terms of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and survival to hospital discharge with or without favorable neurologic status. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Systematic review and meta-analysis of articles indexed in MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, the Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Other terms adapted to the language of each index were also used. We included observational studies and clinical trials published from January 1, 1950, to May 31, 2019, if the study population included adult patients in cardiac arrest outside the hospital and in whom an intraosseous or intravenous catheter was inserted. Risk of bias was evaluated with the Cochrane and GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) tools. RESULTS: We identified 434 papers to include in the qualitative review and 5 studies for meta-analysis. Intraosseous access was related to a lower rate of ROSC (odds ratio [OR], 0.69; 95% CI, 0.57-0.83; P=.02; I2=65%) and worse survival to discharge (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.51-0.83); P<.01, I2=30%). CONCLUSION: Intraosseous access in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is related to poorer outcomes in terms of ROSC and survival at hospital discharge.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la efectividad, en relación al retorno a circulación espontánea, la supervivencia al alta y la supervivencia al alta con buen estado neurológico, del acceso intraóseo frente al acceso venoso en la resucitación en parada cardiaca extrahospitalaria. METODO: Se realiza una revisión sistemática y metanálisis en las bases de datos Medline (PubMed), Embase, Web of Science y Cochrane Library. Se incluyeron estudios observacionales y ensayos clínicos registrados en las bases de datos mencionadas desde el 1 de enero de 1950 hasta el 31 de mayo de 2019, en los que la población incluida fueran pacientes adultos en situación de parada cardiaca extrahospitalaria y que tuvieran canalizado un acceso intraóseo o intravenoso. La evaluación del riesgo de sesgo se realizó mediante la herramienta de evaluación de sesgo de Cochrane y la herramienta GRADE. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 434 referencias de las que 5 se incluyen en la síntesis cualitativa y cuantitativa. El acceso intraóseo se relaciona con una peor tasa de retorno a circulación espontánea [OR 0,69 (IC 95%: 0,57-0,83), p = 0,02, I 2 = 65%] y una peor supervivencia al alta hospitalaria [OR 0,65 (IC 95%: 0,51-0,83); p < 0,01, I2 = 30%] en comparación con el acceso venoso. CONCLUSIONES: El acceso intraóseo en pacientes en situación de parada cardiaca extrahospitalaria se relaciona con peores resultados en términos de retorno a circulación espontánea y supervivencia al alta hospitalaria.